CELL BIOLOGY: Introduction to cells; ultrastructure of cells; membrane structure; membrane transport; the origin of cells; cell division 

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: Molecules to metabolism; water; carbohydrates and lipids; proteins; enzymes; structures of DNA and RNA; DNA replication, transcription and translation; cell respiration; photosynthesis  

GENETICS: Genes; chromosomes; meiosis; inheritance; genetic modification and biotechnology

ECOLOGY: Species, communities and ecosystems; energy flow; carbon cycling; climate change

EVOLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY: Evidence for evolution; natural selection; classification of biodiversity; cladistics 

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY: Digestion and absorption; the blood system; defense against infectious diseases; gas exchange; neurons and synapses; hormones, homeostasis and reproduction 

NUCLEIC ACIDS: DNA structure and replication; transcription and gene expression; translation 

METABOLISM, CELL RESPIRATION AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS: metabolism; cell respiration; photosynthesis 

PLANT BIOLOGY: Transport in xylem; transport in phloem; growth in plants; reproduction in plants

GENETICS AND EVOLUTION: Meiosis; inheritance; gene pools and speciation 

ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY: Antibody production and vaccination; movement; the kidney and osmoregulation; sexual reproduction 

OPTIONS

C: ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION: Species and communities; communities and ecosystems; impacts of humans on ecosystems; conservation of biodiversity; population ecology; nitrogen and phosphorous cycles      

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