CELL RESPIRATION
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All living things respire (including plants and viruses)
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Adenosine triphosphate acts as a molecule for energy
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Efficiency of respiration is measured by the yield of ATP
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Different bonds have different amounts of energy.
CELL RESPIRATION - "The controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells
to form ATP".
SOURCES
1) Glucose/carbohydrates (mostly) - easy to burn
2) Lipids/fatty acids (sometimes) - highest energy store
3) Proteins (rarely) - very low energy yield, very hard to burn
ONLY METABOLIZED IN PRESENCE OF OXYGEN
!!!CALVIN CYCLE!!!
Oxygen and Glucose moves into cell from blood.
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Glucose --> 2 x pyruvate --> mitochondria --> ATP & ADP (some) / CO2 (back to blood) + H2O (stays in cell)
(6C) (3C)
CONTROLLED RELEASE OF ENERGY IN CELL RESPIRATION
- By enzymes (end product inhibition!)
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All processes release heat energy:
- Used to raise the temperature of organism
- Lost to environment
- Cannot be used for metabolic processes.
ATP
ADP
AMP
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION occurs in the absence of oxygen.
- Reactions do not continue in mitochondria. Occurs in cytoplasm.
- Overall yield of ATP is low.
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HUMANS: Lactic Acid (can build up in muscles -> oxygen debt)
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YEAST: CO2 & Ethanol (Fermentation & Bread making)
ENERGY USED FOR:
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muscle contraction
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active transport
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protein synthesis
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vesicle transport
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DNA/RNA replication
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cell signalling
Bread making
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CO2 causes bread to rise
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Ethanol evaporates (volatile) due to low boiling point
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Yeast is used which carries out anaerobic respiration producing ethanol and CO2
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Bioethanol
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Produced from sugar cane, maize, using yeast
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Used as a fuel